Encyclopedia Pages

Up one level

Methods — by matthew — last modified 2008-12-07 12:19 AM

In 2005 and 2006, we surveyed 1780 miles of eight major highways in interior and south-central Alaska for Melilotus alba.

Probabilistic Risk Models for Multiple Disturbances: An Example of Forest Insects and Wildfires — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Building probabilistic risk models for highly random forest disturbances like wildfire and forest insect outbreaks is a challenging problem.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Wildfire and insect infestations are two major disturbances of forest lands in the United States.

Methods — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 01:09 PM

Our study area was Oregon and Washington National Forest lands.

Probability Framework — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

We are interested in obtaining estimates of disturbance probabilities in the presence of multiple stressors.

Results and Discussion — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The models in equations [1] and [2] appeared to give reasonable fits to 1982-2004 data on bark beetle attacks and wildfire sizes on Forest Service lands in Region 6.

Bark Beetle Infestation — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The probability of beetle infestation was significantly influenced by spatial location, size of infestation in previous year, and size of 1- year-old fire within 1 km.

Fire Size — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The estimated spatial pattern of fire sizes seems to indicate northern Washington and eastern Oregon as some of the regions with the highest probabilities of a fire getting large after controlling for all other predictors in the model.

Conclusions — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Multiple disturbances, such as wildfire-insect outbreak interactions, are not well understood at provincial scales.

Integration of Population Genetic Structure and Plant Response to Climate Change: Sustaining Genetic Resources Through Evaluation of Projected Threats — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

To assess threats or predict responses to disturbances, or both, it is essential to recognize and characterize the population structures of forest species in relation to changing environments.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Climate change and associated glacial/interglacial cycles have had a profound impact on the biogeography of plant communities.

Material and Methods — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 12:55 PM

This section reviews Population Genetic Analyses and Plant-Climate Modeling.

Results — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Population genetics and plant-climate modeling results are summarized for both the whitebark and western white pine.

Whitebark Pine — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Analysis of mtDNA reveals three haplotypes that are discretely partitioned among regions with two introgression zones.

Western White Pine — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Analyses of AFLP loci discern three metapopulations in western white pine.

Discussion — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

This section discusses the study findings regarding Whitebark Pine and Western White Pine, and reviews Model Refinements and Uncertainties.

Whitebark Pine — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Past climate change has shaped the biogeography of whitebark pine and, hence, genetic relationships and potential adaptive traits.

Western White Pine — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Like whitebark pine, western white pine populations were also shaped by past climate change.

Model Refinements and Uncertainties — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Further refinements in the plant-climate model can be achieved by integrating knowledge from molecular and quantitative genetics.

Summary — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Case studies were presented for whitebark pine and western white pine using plant-climate modeling of current and future climate predictions and genetic studies.

Assessment of Habitat Threats to Shrublands in the Great Basin — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) ecosystem is one of the most imperiled in the United States.

Setting the Stage: Shrublands at Risk — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The vast shrublands of Western North America, including the sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) ecosystem, provide a wide range of resource values, including recreation, livestock grazing, mining, energy extraction, wildlife habitat, and wilderness.

Status and Threats in the Sagebrush Ecosystem — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The sagebrush ecosystem covers more than 43 million ha within the Western United States and Canada and constitutes one of the largest ecosystems in North America.

Ecological Setting and Status of the Great Basin — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The Great Basin ecoregion spans more than 29 million ha from the eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains in California to central Utah east of the Great Salt Lake.

Regional Assessment of Habitats — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

To address concerns about ongoing degradation of sagebrush habitats and associated species, Wisdom and others identified steps for spatial analysis to be used in regional assessment.

Selecting and Grouping Species of Concern — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Using a variety of screening criteria, (e.g., habitat association, estimated risk of extirpation), Wisdom and others compiled a comprehensive list of more than 350 sagebrush-associated species of concern.

Describing Species-habitat Relationships — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Evaluation of the condition, (e.g., risk levels) and spatial pattern of habitat for multiple species of concern provides essential context for the development of regionally based management and conservation strategies.

Identifying Regional Threats — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Wisdom and others outlined a process for identifying threats to consider in regional assessment, using criteria such as spatial extent of the threat, available resources to address the threat, and cost-benefit analysis.

Quantifying Vegetation and Habitat in the Great Basin — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

To estimate vegetation at risk in the Great Basin, we first quantified the total area of each landcover type present in the study area using the landcover map.

Modeling of Displacement by Woodlands and Cheatgrass — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

We developed two independent, rule-based predictive models of displacement of sagebrush and other native vegetation by encroaching pinyon-juniper woodlands and cheatgrass, employing a variety of topographic and vegetation variables.

Model Development — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-23 02:30 PM

This section describes the Pinyon-Juniper Woodland and Cheatgrass Models.

Results of Model Application in the Great Basin — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Outputs from both the pinyon-juniper and cheatgrass models were summarized by landcover type and by species, (i.e., habitats at risk).

Application of Risk Models in Shrubland Management — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Federal agencies need information about habitat requirements and conditions for species and groups of species at spatial extents that are typically used in land management planning.

Characterizing Habitat Conditions — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

We used two habitat variables, habitat abundance and habitat at risk of displacement by cheatgrass, to characterize the composite habitat conditions for each species group at the watershed extent within the Great Basin.

Prioritizing Restoration Activities — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Different combinations of habitat abundance and habitat risk have different implications for conservation and restoration.

Integration of Multiple Stressors — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The combined risk of displacement by cheatgrass and by pinyon-juniper woodlands was evaluated for the 4.8 million ha of sagebrush in the three ecological provinces in which the pinyon-juniper model was applied.

Management Implications — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Our analyses revealed that watersheds vary in spatial patterns of habitat abundance and risk, resulting in different implications for conservation and restoration of habitats.

Establishing a Nationwide Baseline of Historical Burn Severity Data to Support Monitoring of Trends in Wildfire Effects and National Fire Policies — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

There is a need to provide agency leaders, elected officials, and the general public with summary information regarding the effects of large wildfires.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Consistent geospatial information characterizing effects of large wildland fires does not exist for lands within the United States.

Project Background — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

In 2006, WFLC sponsored a 6- year project to map the fire severity and perimeters on large fires (>500 acres in the East and 1000 acres in the West) in the United States across all ownerships for the period of 1984 through 2010.

Burn Severity Definition — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Terminology commonly used when discussing fire behavior and fire effects is often inconsistently and interchangeably applied.

Project Scope — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The project has been divided into geographic mapping zones representing broadly similar ecological conditions.

Products — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Unclassified or input data are comprised of Landsat TM and ETM images that form the basis for measuring spectral response of individual fires.

Methods — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Methods selection for this project was fundamentally driven by two requirements: (1) The need to develop consistent information across all lands within the project extent, and (2) the need to develop consistent information spanning a significant historical period.

Fire History Database Compilation — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Existing fire history and location databases were compiled into a single, standardized project database that formed the basis for image scene selection.

Image Scene Selection and Data Preprocessing — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Scene selection is driven by the MTBS fire history database.

Fire Severity and Perimeter Mapping — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The NBR index is calculated for prefire and postfire images.

Data Summarization — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Tabular data will be generated from statistical summaries of the fire severity class layers.

Data Distribution — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

All spatial and tabular data will be distributed through Web-based interfaces.

Applications for Fire Severity Data — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Central to the missions of both the Western Wildland Environmental Threat Assessment Center and the Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center is the early detection, identification, and assessment of multiple environmental threats such as insects, disease, invasive species, fire, loss or degradation of forests, and weather-related risks.

Conclusions — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The MTBS project will develop the data and information necessary to meet the strategic analysis objectives of WFLC and other policy-making and monitoring bodies.

Threats to Private Forest Lands in the U.S.A.: A Forests on the Edge Study — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The Forests on the Edge project, sponsored by the USDA Forest Service, uses geographic information systems to construct and analyze maps depicting threats to the contributions of America's private forest lands.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

America's forest lands contribute in a myriad of ways to the economic, ecological, and social well-being of the Nation.

Data Layers — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

All data layers were obtained as or constructed to be nationally consistent and were summarized at the spatial scale of fourth-level watersheds.

Private Forest Contributions — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

This section reviews Private Forest Land, Water Quality, Timber Supply, At-risk Species, and Interior Forest/Habitat Contiguity.

Threats to Private Forest Lands — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

This section reviews Development, Wildfire, Ozone, Acid Deposition, Insects Pests and Disease.

Methods — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

For each contribution and threat layer, the distribution of watershed index values was determined, and a percentile ranking was assigned to each watershed.

Results — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The results are briefly discussed.

Contributions — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Watersheds with the greatest percentages of private forest land are generally in New England, the Southeast, and the Pacific Northwest.

Threats — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Development threats to private forest land area are concentrated in southern New England and the Southeast, although some are also found in the Pacific Northwest; wildfire threats to private forest land, are primarily in the Northeastern quadrant of the country.

Conclusions — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The FOTE spatial approach to assessing threats to the contributions of private forest lands produces useful, visual information that is relatively easy to obtain.

A Spatial Model for Predicting Effects of Climate Change on Swiss Needle Cast Disease Severity in Pacific Northwest Forests — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Swiss needle cast disease of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) is caused by the ascomycete fungus Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii.

History of the Problem — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Swiss needle cast disease of Douglas-fir is caused by the ascomycete Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii (Rohde) Petrak.

Current Extent and Impacts of Swiss Needle Cast in Pacific Northwest Forests — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 01:05 PM

Since around 1990, unusually severe and persistent symptoms of Swiss needle cast have been observed in Douglas-fir forest plantations in western Oregon, particularly near the town of Tillamook.

Understanding the Disease — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

To better understand which environmental factors might be important regulators of P. gaeumannii abundance and how they affect the epidemiology of Swiss needle cast, it was essential to investigate the infection cycle of the pathogen and its mechanism of pathogenicity.

Experimental Approaches to Understanding Climate-Disease Interactions — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Because the most severe disease has been observed in sites within the low elevation coastal fog zone, the presence of free water on needle surfaces during the summer has been considered a possible factor affecting disease severity.

Modeling Swiss Needle Cast — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The finding that small differences in temperature could affect rates of needle colonization and fungal development over the 11-month incubation period of P. gaeumannii prompted us to examine the effect of temperature in relation to infection data from field sites in western Oregon.

Conclusions — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Improved understanding of the effects of climate factors on P. gaeumannii abundance now helps to clarify the underlying causes for recently observed increases in Swiss needle cast in the Western Coast Range.

Initial Stand Conditions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Regeneration Status — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Residual Basal Area — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Developmental Dynamics — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Marking Rules — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Other Considerations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 01:07 PM

 

History — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Land Use — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Forest Area & Conditions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Conversions of Forest Lands: Trends, Determinants, and Policy Considerations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

Abstract from the paper "Threats from Conversions of Forest Lands: Trends, Determinants, and Policy Considerations"

Measuring & Monitoring — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Geology & Topography — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Soils — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Hydrology & Water Quality — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

The Southern Bioenergy Resource — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

The forests of the Southern United States provide a large renewable supply of biomass.

Bioenergy Production from Southern Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

In the Southern United States, biomass production as one among many goals of the forest ecosystem management plays a relatively minor role. However, concerns about rising oil prices and national energy dependence on foreign supplies make it imperative th

Introduction to Harvesting, Processing, Storage and Delivery — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

An introduction to the components of establishing a bioenergy harvesting system

Environmental Sustainability and Sustainable Forest Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

The production of forest biomass must be considered sustainable.

Utilizing Biomass — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Introduction to the section on utilizing biomass for bioenergy, biofuels, and bio-based products.

Economics — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

In any new venture, economics will play a large role.

Assessing landscape scale risk of bark beetle infestation: methods and experience with Mountain Pine Beetle — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Understanding Bioenergy Resources — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Why should forest biomass be utilized for bioenery and bio-based products?

Global Utilization of Forest Biomass — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

In other countries, forest biomass plays a larger role in the production of energy and bio-based products.

Environmental Benefits of Biomass — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Global climate change, greenhouse gases, and forest health are all environmental reasons for utilization of biomass.

Economic Benefits of Biomass — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Biomass utilization could provide income opportunities for landowners and opportunties for economic development for rural communities.

Energy Benefits of Biomass — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Energy security can be enhanced and energy dependence lessened through the utilization of biomass.

Current Status of Biomass in the US — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

In the United States, the use of forest biomass is on the rise.

Promoting Bioenergy — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Despite many factors favoring bioenergy today, the utilization of bioenergy has increased at a modest rate.

Market Formation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Markets have to be created for new alternatives which are considered desirable by society but which will not easily take off unless a policy framework is put into place to promote them.

Challenges in Bioenergy — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

The next ten years will be decisive in terms of turning biomass into a global modern and reliable energy source.

Bioenergy Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

We are entangled in an energy infrastructure heavily dependent on non-renewable resources.

Application of Molecular Genetic Tools for Threat Assessment in Forest Ecosystems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Biofuels — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Biofuels have traditionally been used in the same geographical region in which they are produced.

Creating Synergies — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Bioenergy is intrinsically multi-sectoral and, therefore, cannot be considered within the realm of the energy sector alone.

Managing Competition and Bottlenecks — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

For the European forest industry, co-production of bioenergy is an attractive opportunity.

Integrating Forest Biomass and the Energy Sector — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

There are a number of cost efficient measures to help generate more biofuels and bioenergy in connection with the activities of the forest industry.

Agriculture — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Agricultural policy reforms are needed in many countries today due to the high costs of subsidies.

Availability of Biomass Across the Globe — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

There are significant regional differences when it comes to the availability and use of biomass resources in the world.

Utilization of Forest Biomass — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

It is estimated that 13.5 percent of the total primary energy supply in the world came from renewable sources in 2001.

Future Scenarios — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

In the so-called rich and green scenario, biomass could account for 25% of the total amount of the world energy in 2100.

European Union — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Biomass is the largest renewable energy source in the European Union.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Countries — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Biomass accounts for some 3% of the energy supply in OECD countries.

Effects of Scale on Analyzing and Managing Risks to Forest Biodiversity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Supply of Forest Biomas — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Supply and demand are key concepts in economics.

Cost Competitiveness — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

The success of forest biomass and bioenergy development will largely depend on the cost competitiveness of these products relative to their substitutes.

Community Impacts — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Southern rural communities will play a key role in the development of operations utilizing forest biomass.

Policy Factors and Incentives — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Policy factors and incentives can help foster the development of new industries.

Existing Incentive Programs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Incentive programs are available to help with development of a bio-based products industry.

Incentives Needed — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Additional incentives are needed to ensure the successful development of the bio-based products industry.

Experience in Other Countries — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Bioenergy is intrinsically linked to energy, environment, agriculture, and forestry issues.

United Kingdom — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

In the United Kingdom, the main driver for use of bioenergy is the ambitious greenhouse gas emissions targets.

Sweden — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

The Swedish energy sector has undergone substantial changes in the past three decades.

East Texas — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Forty-three counties in East Texas were studied to determine the socioeconomic effects that logging residue procurement and electricity production would have on the region.

The Influence of Multiple Stressors in Triggering Forest Understory Invasion by Native Plant Species — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Georgia — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

In Georgia, the supply of diverse biomass sources is widely distributed throughout the state.

Oregon — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

In early 2000, researchers conducted a feasibility study for the constructin of a biomass-to-ethanol processing facility for the state of Oregon.

South Carolina — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Co-firing forest biomass with coal is one way to utilize the resource without building new infrastructure.

Types and Importance of Community Impacts — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Socioeconomic impacts of bioenergy development are ample and varied.

Feedstock Production — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

In order to be considered a feasible source of raw material for bioenergy or biobased products, forest biomass must be economically competitive with coal, oil, natural gas, or other substitute goods.

Electricity Production — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Electricity generation costs using biomass versus coal will be critical to the success of the development of a bioenergy industry in the Southern United States.

Carbon Displacement — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Factors Affecting Supply — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

There are several factors that can affect the biomass supply chain in the United States.

Location — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Because of high biomass transportation costs, the location and spatial distribution of forest biomass would play an important role in its utilization.

Uncertainty and Long-Term Supply — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

A sustainable supply of biomass is critical to its industrial utilization.

The Influence of Forest Management on Vulnerability to Severe Weather — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Sources and Quantity of Supply — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

There are many different sources of forest biomass that can be utilized for bioenergy and bio-based products.

Table 1. Recoverable Logging Residues in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Amount of annual recoverable logging residues in the South by state (1,000 dry tons)

Table 2. Geographic Distribution of Potential SRWC — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Cropland suitable for hybrid poplar plantings, by region

Woody Biomass — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Introduction to various product stocks and characteristics.

Biomass Industrial Products — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

An introduction to the various energy, fuels, and products developed from biomass.

Production Methods — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Processes utilized in producing bioenergy and bio-based products.

Worldwide Utilization — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Bioenergy — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Brief description on energy and its use.

Energy Units — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

A primer for energy units and conversions.

Bio-Diesel — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Discussion on the use of bio-diesel.

Wildland Arson — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Ethanol — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Discussion on the use of ethanol

Methanol — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Description of Methanol and its utilization

BEST — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 01:20 PM

 

European Fuel Consumption — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Indian Case Study — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Community Biogas plant in India

China — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Russia — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Mali — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Italy — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Ukraine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Accepted Abstracts — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

Read these brief summaries of the papers and posters that will be presented at the conference July 18-20, 2006 in Boulder, Colorado

Economic Impacts of Hurricanes on Forest Owners — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Fiber Composites Manufacturing — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Bio-chemical Processes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Thermochemical Conversion Processes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Biomass Gasification — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Black Liquor Gasification — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Combustion — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Fast Pyrolysis — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Fischer-Tropsch Process — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

An overview of the mechanics of the F-T process

Hydrothermal Upgrading (HTU) Process — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Lipid Extraction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Review of Methods for Developing Probabilistic Risk Assessments. Part 1: Modeling Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Thermochemical Liquefaction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Vitrification — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Talbott's Generators — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Fixed-bed Combustion — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Fluidised Bed Combustion — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Dust Combustion — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

CPC Gasifier — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Aerobic Digestion-Composting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Anaerobic Digestion — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Fermentation of Lignocellulosic Biomass — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Review of Methods for Developing Probabilistic Risk Assessments. Part 2: Modeling Invasive Plants, Pests, and Pathogens — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Bio-based Materials — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Discussion of bio-based materials.

Intermediate and Specialty Chemicals — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Discussion of intermediate chemical production

Bio-based Acids — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Bio-based Oils — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Specialty Chemicals — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

1,3- Propanediol (PDO) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

3-Hydroxypropionic Acid (3-HP) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Evaluating Wildland Fire Danger and Prioritizing Vegetation and Fuels Treatments — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-30 06:50 PM

A prototype decision support system is presented for evaluating wildland fire danger and prioritizing subwatersheds for vegetation and fuels treatment.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-30 08:02 PM

Wildland fuels have accumulated in many western forests of the United States (U.S.) for at least the past 70 years due to 20th century settlement and management activities, and, to some extent, changing climatic conditions.

Methods — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-30 08:48 PM

Beginning with a study area description, the methods section details data sources, provides a study outline, and relates implementation steps, and model design and analysis.

Data Sources — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-01 08:13 AM

Most spatial data used in this study came from the LANDFIRE prototype project mapping effort.

Broad Outline — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

We evaluate relative fire danger in individual subwatersheds of an entire map zone.

Implementation Steps — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-01 09:25 AM

Under the fire hazard topic, we estimated for each elementary topic (lowest level in the model where data are evaluated) the percentage area and degree of aggregation of observations exceeding a specified threshold value using spatial data layers provided by the LANDFIRE project and a spatial analysis program.

Logic Model Design — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-01 08:56 AM

We graphically designed the logic model for evaluating the relative danger of wildland fire (hereafter, fire danger) with the NetWeaver Developer (Rules of Thumb, Inc., North East, PA) modeling system.

Priorities for Fuels Treatment — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-01 09:00 AM

A decision model for determining priorities of subwatersheds for fuels treatment was graphically designed with Criterium DecisionPlus (InfoHarvest, Inc., Seattle, WA), which uses both the analytic hierarchy process and the Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique to support planning activities such as priority setting, alternative selection, and resource allocation.

Analysis — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-01 09:01 AM

Fire danger evaluation for all subwatersheds in the study area was performed with the NetWeaver logic engine in EMDS.

Results — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

We describe results in terms of the strength of evidence in support of the overarching proposition of low fire danger or of subordinate propositions under fire danger.

Fire Danger — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-01 09:04 AM

There were pronounced differences in fire danger between subwatersheds in the northern and southern portions of the study area (Map zones).

Priorities for Fuels Treatment — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-01 09:07 AM

The map for fuels treatment priorities took into account most of the same factors as used to produce the map for fire danger and its components but with weighting of criteria and subcriteria by a fire ecologist and also considering the influence of wildland-urban interface.

Discussion — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-01 09:14 AM

The relative nature of our evaluation of fire danger has at least three important implications.

Conclusions — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-01 09:11 AM

Given the widespread increase in danger of wildland fire throughout the Western United States over the past 70 years or more, the sustainability of Western forest ecosystems is clearly at stake.

Analyzing Risks to Protected Areas Using the Human Modification Framework: A Colorado Case Study — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-01 09:24 AM

A framework that organizes natural and protected areas is often used to help understand the potential risks to natural areas and aspects of their ecological and human dimensions.

Methods — by mhowell — last modified 2009-02-05 02:57 PM

Here we further refine the Human Modification Framework to emphasize three primary factors that can be used to characterize land use based on what human activities occur at a given location.

Results — by mhowell — last modified 2009-02-05 03:00 PM

The composite map of the degree of urban/built-up shows a relatively familiar pattern of urban areas, particularly the cities along the Colorado Front Range.

Conclusion — by mhowell — last modified 2009-02-05 03:53 PM

In summary, we offer the human modification framework as an explicit approach to better quantify the spatial patterning and degree to which locations have been altered by human activities.

Modeling Species' Realized Climatic Niche Space and Predicting their Response to Global Warming for Several Western Forest Species with Small Geographic Distributions — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The Random Forests multiple regression tree was used to develop an empirically based bioclimatic model of the presence-absence of species occupying small geographic distributions in Western North America.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-06 06:34 PM

As the climate changes so then does the distribution of species.

Methods — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-06 07:08 PM

This section discusses the study area, climate estimates, and vegetation data.

Statistical & Mapping Procedures — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-06 07:42 PM

The Random Forests classification and regression tree package was used to model species presence and absence.

Results — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

We found that reasonably parsimonious bioclimatic models are driven by either 3 or 4 climate variables (Table 3).

Subalpine Larch — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-06 07:58 PM

A visual comparison of Little's range map shows that the projection of the bioclimatic model overestimates the distribution of subalpine larch in the western portion of southwestern British Columbia and portions of the central Rocky Mountains.

Smooth Arizona Cypress and Piute Cypress — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-06 08:09 PM

The predicted contemporary realized climatic niche space for smooth Arizona cypress and Piute cypress better described actual distributions than Little's range map.

Macfarlane's Four-O'clock — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Through most of the century, climate suitable to Macfarlane's four-o'clock should remain near its contemporary location (Figures 1B, 1C).

Discussion — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-06 08:13 PM

Our bioclimatic models predict the occurrence of species and attempt to identify suitable habitats.

Evaluating the Vulnerability of Maine Forests to Wind Damage — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Numerous factors, some of which cannot be controlled, are continually interacting with the forest resource, introducing risk to management, and making consistent predictable management outcomes uncertain. Included in these factors are threats or hazards such as windstorms and wildfire.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

"Windthrow is a complex process resulting from interactions between natural and anthropogenic factors" (Ruel 1995).

Methods — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Windthrow risk in many parts of the world has been modeled and assessed.

Site: Exposure — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Topographic exposure is a critical variable in assessing stand vulnerability.

Site: Soils — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Forest soils are also a major component in understanding susceptibility of a forest stand to wind damage.

Site: Elevation — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Elevation was also incorporated into the site component of the model.

Stand: Composition and Characteristics — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Variables describing stand composition and characteristics were extracted from the forest landowner GIS database, which contains stand level information to a minimum size of 1 acre.

Stand: Thinning — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Stands are more vulnerable to windthrow following thinning for two reasons.

Stand: Edge — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The edge raster variable represents the percentage of the stand classified as edge.

Cumulative Risk — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The cumulative risk grid is composed in two stages.

Model Evaluation — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

To avoid problems associated with spatial autocorrelation, the wind damage vulnerability model was analyzed with a comparison of means from a random sample of polygons within the study area.

Results and Discussion — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Several model variables were found to have statistically significant differences between the two populations (blowdown and nonblowdown).

Conclusion — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Wind damage to forests in Maine is a continual consideration for forest managers across the region.

Information Needs, Acceptability of Risk, Trust, and Reliance: The Case of National Predictive Services Customers — by mhowell — last modified 2009-02-06 12:47 PM

Making complex risk-related decisions involves a degree of uncertainty.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2009-02-06 12:53 PM

This section briefly introduces a needs assessment approach to evaluation, crafting risk messages to meet user needs, and factors that affect acceptability and use of risk information.

The Present Study — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

This analysis presents findings from a study initiated in 2005 through request from the National Predictive Services Group (NPSG), a group chartered under the National Fire and Aviation Executive Board (NFAEB) that provides oversight, leadership, and strategic direction to the Predictive Services program.

Method — by mhowell — last modified 2009-02-06 01:18 PM

This section details study repondents, survey, and procedures.

Results — by mhowell — last modified 2009-02-06 01:27 PM

This section outlines results in terms of audiences, use of information, risk implication, and the ability to predict reliance on information.

Conclusions and Discussion — by mhowell — last modified 2009-02-06 01:44 PM

This section summarizes lessons and opportunities concluded from the study.

Shared Values and Trust: The Experience of Community Residents in a Fire-Prone Ecosystem — by mhowell — last modified 2009-02-05 03:14 PM

The risk and impact of fires have been significant on the San Bernardino National Forest.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2009-02-05 03:38 PM

This section introduces trust and risk management, and risk communication.

The Present Study — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The present study examined trust and salient values similarity among residents in fire-prone communities surrounded by a southern California forest.

Method — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-06 11:04 PM

Residents and homeowners (n=89) in fire-prone communities on the San Bernardino National Forest participated in this study.

Results — by mhowell — last modified 2009-02-05 04:07 PM

Participants reported a number of personal experiences with fire, stresses experienced, beliefs and values, and communication and education preferences.

Discussion and Conclusion — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-06 11:18 PM

Participants were most likely to view agencies as having a majority of responsibility for reduction of fire risk, with personal and community responsibility following closely.

Spread of Invasive Plants from Roads to River Systems in Alaska: A Network Model — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-06 11:50 PM

Alaska has relatively few invasive plants, and most of them are found only along the State's limited road system.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-06 11:29 PM

Alaska has relatively few invasive plants.

Example — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-07 12:18 AM

Combining the network model with invasive species distribution data yields information that can help managers determine critical control points for particular conservation units.

Results — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-06 11:50 PM

We found Melilotus at many points along the highways that we surveyed.

Network Model — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-06 11:51 PM

The network model is a work in progress.

Example — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-06 11:52 PM

Of the 10 major crossings we surveyed leading to Kanuti National Wildlife Refuge, none had Melilotus on a natural floodplain surface either upstream or downstream of the crossing (Figure on the right, Table 1).

Discussion — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The NHD and ADOT road network datasets are both works in progress, and some errors were identified in the NHD data.

Using Prescribed Fire For Oak Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Using Fire to Regenerate Oak After Clearcutting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Using Fire to Regenerate Yellow-Poplar — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Damaging Hardwood Crop Trees with Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Using Prescribed Fire to Control Annosus Root and Butt Rot — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Prescribed Fire and the Southern pine beetle — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Modeling Long-Term Interactions Among Forest Threats and Fuel Treatments in Central Oregon Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:26 AM

 

Using Prescribed Fire to Control Brown spot needle blight — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Evaluating a Prescribed Burn — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Executing a Prescribed Burn — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Planning a Prescribed Burn — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Preparing for a Prescribed Burn — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Red Flag Situations in Prescribed Burning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Prescribed Burning Rules of Thumb — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

The Written Burn Plan — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Fire Severity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Fire Effects on Plants — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Digital Aerial SketchMapping — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:26 AM

 

Fire Effects on Fauna — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Fire Effects on Water Quality — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Fire Effects on Soil — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

Organizational page that introduces soil heating, fire effects on soil physical properties, soil organic matter, soil nutrients, soil organisms, soil erosion, and management guidelines for reducing fire effects on soil and water.

Fire Effects on Air Quality — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Air Quality Regulations and Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Magnitude of Fire Contributions to Air Quality Impact — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Characterization of Emissions from Fires — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Transport, Dispersion, and Modeling of Fire Emissions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Atmospheric and Plume Chemistry — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Estimating the Air Quality Impacts of Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

MC1 DGVM Seasonal Fire Forecasting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:26 AM

 

Smoke Impacts — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Recommendations for Future Research and Development — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Established Research Framework — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Emerging Research Needs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Health Effects of Smoke — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Welfare Effects of Smoke — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Economic and Social Consequences of Smoke — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Smoke and Highway Safety — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Fires — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Visibility — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Threats to Private Forest Land in the USA — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:26 AM

 

Emission Inventories — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Air Quality Monitoring — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Source Apportionment — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Speciated Rollback Model — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Chemical Mass Balance Model — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Ozone Formation in Plumes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Factors Affecting Plume Chemistry — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Emission Factors for Reactive Species — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Particle Formation in Plumes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

The Role of Heat Release in the Trajectory and Dispersion of Fire Emissions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

A Landscape Scale GIS Tool to Assess Eastern Hemlock Susceptibility to Hemlock Wooly Adelgid Infestation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:26 AM

 

The Role of Plume Rise and Buoyancy in the Trajectory and Dispersion of Fire Emissions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

The Role of Advection and Diffusion in the Trajectory and Dispersion of Fire Emissions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

The Role of Scavenging in the Trajectory and Dispersion of Fire Emissions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

The Role of Chemical Transformations in the Trajectory and Dispersion of Fire Emissions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Plume Models — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Puff Models — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Particle Models — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Grid Models — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Model Application — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Components of Smoke — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

A Multi-Criteria Framework for Producing Local, Regional, and National Insect and Disease Risk Maps — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:26 AM

 

Predicting Fire Emissions: Area Burned — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Predicting Fire Emissions: Preburn Fuel Characteristics — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Predicting Fire Emissions: Fire Behavior — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Predicting Fire Emissions: Combustion Stages — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Predicting Fire Emissions: Fuel Consumption — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Predicting Fire Emissions: Emission Factors — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Total Emissions, Source Strength, and Heat Release Rate — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Smoke from Wildland Fires — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Smoke from Prescribed Fires — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Evaluating Risk to Forest Health and Sustainability with the Montreal Process Criteria and Indicators — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:26 AM

 

National Ambient Air Quality Standards — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Visibility, Regional Haze, and the Clean Air Act —